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James T. Callender
James Thomson Callender (1758 – July 17, 1803) was a political pamphleteer and journalist whose writing was controversial in his native Scotland and the United States. His contemporary reputation was as a "scandalmonger", due to the content of some of his reporting, which overshadowed the political content. In the United States, he was a central figure in the press wars between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. In the late 1790s, Thomas Jefferson sought him out to attack President John Adams. Callender, who was later denied employment by Jefferson, then reported on President Jefferson's alleged children by his slave concubine Sally Hemings. Callender's authority and veracity have been controversial. His statements about Jefferson are thought by some to have been confirmed by a 1998 DNA analysis and the weight of historical evidence, as shown by the historian Annette Gordon-Reed and others. The testing showed that a male of the Jefferson family fathered at least one of Sally Hemings' children. Many historians acknowledge that the DNA results are not dispositive. Two dozen Jefferson males were alive at the time, and at least eight lived within a day's journey of Monticello; the DNA testing could not distinguish among them. Some historians think that Thomas Jefferson's brother (who was known to take his fiddle to the slave quarters and play with other musicians there) is the more likely father of those among Sally's children who were fathered by a Jefferson.
==Scotland==
Callender was born in Scotland. He did not gain a formal education, but secured employment as a sub clerk in the Edinburgh Sasine office, the equivalent of the Recorder of Deeds. While working in that office, Callender published satirical pamphlets criticizing the writer Samuel Johnson. "Deformities of Samuel Johnson", published anonymously, appealed to populist Scottish sentiments.〔Durey 1990, p. 6〕 Later he wrote pamphlets attacking political corruption. Callender's political writings were tinged with radical democratic egalitarianism, Scottish nationalism and a pessimistic view of human nature, and were critical of the liberal notion of progress.〔Durey 1990, p. 9〕 An admirer of Jonathan Swift, Callender sought to cut the wealthy and the powerful down to size in his writing.
After clashes with his employers, Callender lost his job in the Sasine office. In 1791 Callender wrote a pamphlet criticizing an excise tax, paid for by the brewers who resented it. His writing attracted the attention of some reform-minded members of the Scottish nobility: Francis Garden, Lord Gardenstone, became his patron.〔Durey 1990, p. 22〕 In 1792 he published ''The Political Progress of Britain'', a controversial critique of war, imperialism and corruption. He fled to Ireland and to the United States to avoid prosecution. After Callender left Scotland, Lord Gardenstone exposed him as the author; the journalist's reputation was also marred by the rumor that he had implicated Gardenstone.〔Durey 1990, p. 44〕
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